Bad Weather

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De-Icing Procedures

• When to De-Ice?
  • Prior to takeoff when frost, ice, or snow is present on wings, tail, control surfaces, or engine inlets.
  • When ambient temperature is < 0°c (32°F) and precipitation is occuring or has recently occured.
• Type of De-Icing Fluid.
  Type I

  • Fluid Color
    • Red, Orange or Pink
  • Longest Hold Time for Snow
    • 11 Minutes
  • Rotation Speed
    • No Minimum

  Type II

  • Fluid Color
    • Clear
  • Longest Hold Time for Snow
    • 1 Hour and 30 Minutes
  • Rotation Speed
    • 100 to 110 Knots

  Type III

  • Fluid Color
    • Clear-Yellow
  • Longest Hold Time for Snow
    • 20 Minutes
  • Rotation Speed
    • 60 Knots

  Type IV

  • Fluid Color
    • Green
  • Longest Hold Time for Snow
    • 2 Hours
  • Rotation Speed
    • 100 to 110 Knots

• Procedure
  • Ensure the aircraft is fully stopped.
  • Request de-icing and ensure the proper fluid is applied.
  • Verify all critical surfaces to ensure they are free from contamination before taxi.

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Contaminated Runway Procedures

• Takeoff
  • Reduce takeoff weight if runway braking action is poor.
  • Use full thrust and reduce the use of reduced thrust.
  • Apply maximum braking distance calculations and consult NOTAMs for braking reports.
• Landing
  • Increase approach speed according to contamination.
  • Use autobrake or manual braking per conditions.
  • consider reverse thrust while monitoring directional control.

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Contaminated Taxiways

• Reduce taxi speed to maintain directional control.
• Avoid abrupt turns and braking to prevent skidding.
• Use minimal reverse thrust if necessary.
• Confirm taxiway friction reports and follow ATC guidance.

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Adverse Weather Operations

• Thunderstorms and Lightning
  • Avoid flight through thunderstorms; maintain safe distance (> 20 NM from storm cells).
  • Ensure anti-icing systems are activated when operating near convective activity.
• Wind Shear
  • Perform wind shear escape maneuver.
  • Monitor sudden airspeed, altitude or vertical speed deviations.
• Heavy rain
  • Increase landing distance calculations.
  • Activate windshield wipers and anti-ice if temperatures near freezing.
• Heavy Snow
  • Confirm runway and taxiway conditions before departure and monitor during flight and approach.
  • Use de-icing and anti-icing procedures as necessary.

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Bad Visibility and Zero Visibility

• Follow CAT II/III approach procedures if aircraft is certified.
• Rely on autopilot and autoland systems where available.
• Maintain situational awareness using ILS and ATC guidance.
• Avoid operations below minimum visibility unless specifically authorized.

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Anti-Ice Systems

• Activate wing and engine anti-ice when:
  • Ice or snow accumulation is observed or forecasted.
  • Temperature <5°C (41°F) and visible moisture is present.
• Verify system operation prior to takeoff.

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Engine Ignition Settings

• Use continuous ignition during:
  • Takeoff and landing in heavy rain, snow or turbulence.
  • Flight through thunderstorms or moderate-to-severe precipitation.
• Confirm ignition selector is set to CONT/ON for your engines in use.

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Aircraft Landing Configuration

• Flap, slat and trim settings should be adjusted according to contaminated runway performance charts/calculations.
• Ensure anti-skid and spoilers are armed.
• Check all warning systems for ice detection.
• If needed; activate anti-ice for wings and engines.

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Takeoff/Landing Considerations

• Takeoff Considerations
  • Compute V1, VR and V2 speeds for contaminated runways.
  • Use maximum runway length available.
  • Review rejected takeoff procedures for snowy or slippery conditions.
  • Confirm all de-icing and anti-icing measures are complete.
• Landing Considerations
  • Approach at higher-than-normal speed if runway is contaminated.
  • Touchdown on the main wheels first.
  • Deploy spoilers and brakes smoothly.
  • Avoid floating over the runway, a firm landing should be preferred.
  • Use reverse thrust as needed while monitoring directional control.
  • Landing in the touchdown zone, on the thousand markers is preferred.

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Any questions or concerns?